อัปเดต 2026-09-07

Clear liquid

water / process

The default incompressible-liquid mode — water and single-phase process liquids solved by the Global Gradient Algorithm (GGA) network engine.

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เมื่อไรจึงใช้

Water distribution, cooling loops, single-phase process lines — the majority of steady hydraulics.

คำนวณอย่างไร

Two sets of equations hold at once: an energy relation on every pipe (head drop = resistance × flow) and continuity at every node. The GGA (Todini–Pilati) linearises the head-loss term and solves the coupled sparse system by Newton iteration until heads and flows stop changing.

สมการ

Pipe head-loss relation

H_{i} - H_{j} = r_{ij} Q_{ij} ∣ Q_{ij} ∣^{n - 1}

r = pipe resistance, n = 2 for Darcy–Weisbach / Colebrook, 1.852 for Hazen–Williams. |Q|^{n-1} keeps the loss signed with flow direction.

Node continuity

j \sum Q_{ij} = D_{i}

Solved simultaneously with the energy relation across the whole network.

Global Gradient iteration

[A_{11} A_{21} A_{12} 0] [Q H] = [- A_{10} H_{0} q]

A₁₁ holds the linearised link resistances, A₁₂/A₂₁ the incidence matrix, A₁₀H₀ the fixed-head boundaries — updated each Newton step.

ที่เกี่ยวข้อง

System fluid & Fluid Editor Friction models

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